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Photosynthesis — Lecture 4

Cues

Two stages?
Where does O₂ come from?
Why is the Calvin cycle "light-independent"?

Notes

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy. It runs in two stages, and only the first needs light directly.

Light-dependent — in the thylakoid membrane. Water is split, oxygen is released, ATP and NADPH are produced.
Calvin cycle — in the stroma. Uses that ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into a three-carbon sugar. Called light-independent, but it stops in the dark once the ATP runs out.

Stage	Location	Products
Light-dependent	Thylakoid	ATP, NADPH, O₂
Calvin cycle	Stroma	G3P (sugar)

📝

Note

The oxygen comes from water, not carbon dioxide. This is on every past paper.

Summary

Light splits water and charges the cell's batteries; the Calvin cycle spends them building sugar. "Light-independent" means indirectly powered, not unpowered.

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title: Lecture notes
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# Photosynthesis — Lecture 4

## Cues

- Two stages?
- Where does O₂ come from?
- Why is the Calvin cycle "light-independent"?

## Notes

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy. It runs in two
stages, and only the first needs light directly.

1. **Light-dependent** — in the thylakoid membrane. Water is split, oxygen is
   released, ATP and NADPH are produced.
2. **Calvin cycle** — in the stroma. Uses that ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into a
   three-carbon sugar. Called light-independent, but it stops in the dark once
   the ATP runs out.

| Stage | Location | Products |
| :---- | :------- | :------- |
| Light-dependent | Thylakoid | ATP, NADPH, O₂ |
| Calvin cycle | Stroma | G3P (sugar) |

:::note
The oxygen comes from **water**, not carbon dioxide. This is on every past paper.
:::

## Summary

Light splits water and charges the cell's batteries; the Calvin cycle spends
them building sugar. "Light-independent" means indirectly powered, not unpowered.

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